Prior to the Spanish Conquest of the Americas, Taíno was the most widely spoken language in the Caribbean. It’s a language from the Arawakan family, and is thought to have had two main dialects - Classic (Eastern) Taíno and Ciboney (Western) Taíno. The modern variant of Taíno is known as Taíno-Borikenaíki, or Taínoaíki, and was reconstructed by Puerto Rican linguist Javier A. Hernández.

Navajo is spoken by 170,000 people, mostly in the Navajo Nation, which is located across parts of what are now referred to as Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. In Navajo, the language is called Diné bizaad - 'People's language' - and the Navajo refer to themselves as the Diné - 'People'.